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Site AE UTBM
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L'ORM de Django
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<div class="md-search-result__meta">
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Initialisation de la recherche
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<ol class="md-search-result__list" role="presentation"></ol>
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</div>
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<div class="md-header__source">
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<a href="https://github.com/ae-utbm/sith" title="Aller au dépôt" class="md-source" data-md-component="source">
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<div class="md-source__icon md-icon">
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 6.7.1 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2024 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M439.55 236.05 244 40.45a28.87 28.87 0 0 0-40.81 0l-40.66 40.63 51.52 51.52c27.06-9.14 52.68 16.77 43.39 43.68l49.66 49.66c34.23-11.8 61.18 31 35.47 56.69-26.49 26.49-70.21-2.87-56-37.34L240.22 199v121.85c25.3 12.54 22.26 41.85 9.08 55a34.34 34.34 0 0 1-48.55 0c-17.57-17.6-11.07-46.91 11.25-56v-123c-20.8-8.51-24.6-30.74-18.64-45L142.57 101 8.45 235.14a28.86 28.86 0 0 0 0 40.81l195.61 195.6a28.86 28.86 0 0 0 40.8 0l194.69-194.69a28.86 28.86 0 0 0 0-40.81"/></svg>
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</div>
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<div class="md-source__repository">
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sith
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</div>
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</a>
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</div>
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</nav>
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<div class="md-container" data-md-component="container">
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<main class="md-main" data-md-component="main">
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<div class="md-main__inner md-grid">
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<div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--primary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="navigation" >
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<nav class="md-nav md-nav--primary" aria-label="Navigation" data-md-level="0">
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__drawer">
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<a href="../.." title="Site AE UTBM" class="md-nav__button md-logo" aria-label="Site AE UTBM" data-md-component="logo">
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 8a3 3 0 0 0 3-3 3 3 0 0 0-3-3 3 3 0 0 0-3 3 3 3 0 0 0 3 3m0 3.54C9.64 9.35 6.5 8 3 8v11c3.5 0 6.64 1.35 9 3.54 2.36-2.19 5.5-3.54 9-3.54V8c-3.5 0-6.64 1.35-9 3.54"/></svg>
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</a>
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Site AE UTBM
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</label>
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<div class="md-nav__source">
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<a href="https://github.com/ae-utbm/sith" title="Aller au dépôt" class="md-source" data-md-component="source">
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<div class="md-source__icon md-icon">
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 6.7.1 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2024 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M439.55 236.05 244 40.45a28.87 28.87 0 0 0-40.81 0l-40.66 40.63 51.52 51.52c27.06-9.14 52.68 16.77 43.39 43.68l49.66 49.66c34.23-11.8 61.18 31 35.47 56.69-26.49 26.49-70.21-2.87-56-37.34L240.22 199v121.85c25.3 12.54 22.26 41.85 9.08 55a34.34 34.34 0 0 1-48.55 0c-17.57-17.6-11.07-46.91 11.25-56v-123c-20.8-8.51-24.6-30.74-18.64-45L142.57 101 8.45 235.14a28.86 28.86 0 0 0 0 40.81l195.61 195.6a28.86 28.86 0 0 0 40.8 0l194.69-194.69a28.86 28.86 0 0 0 0-40.81"/></svg>
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</div>
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<div class="md-source__repository">
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sith
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</div>
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</a>
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</div>
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../.." class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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Accueil
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_2" id="__nav_2_label" tabindex="0">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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Explications
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</span>
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_2">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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Explications
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</label>
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../explanation/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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Accueil
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</span>
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</a>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../explanation/technos/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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Technologies utilisées
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</span>
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</a>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../explanation/conventions/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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Conventions
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</a>
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|
||
|
|
||
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
<a href="../../explanation/archives/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
Archives
|
||
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
</a>
|
||
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
</ul>
|
||
|
</nav>
|
||
|
|
||
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_3" >
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_3" id="__nav_3_label" tabindex="0">
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
Tutoriels
|
||
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
|
</label>
|
||
|
|
||
|
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
|
||
|
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_3">
|
||
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
|
Tutoriels
|
||
|
</label>
|
||
|
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
<a href="../../tutorial/install/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
Installer le projet
|
||
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
</a>
|
||
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
<a href="../../tutorial/install-advanced/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
Installer le projet (avancé)
|
||
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
</a>
|
||
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
<a href="../../tutorial/devtools/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
Configurer son éditeur
|
||
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
</a>
|
||
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
<a href="../../tutorial/structure/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
Structure du projet
|
||
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
</a>
|
||
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
<a href="../../tutorial/perms/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
Gestion des permissions
|
||
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
</a>
|
||
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
<a href="../../tutorial/groups/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
Gestion des groupes
|
||
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
</a>
|
||
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
<a href="../../tutorial/fragments/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
Créer des fragments
|
||
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
</a>
|
||
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
<a href="../../tutorial/etransaction/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
Etransactions
|
||
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
</a>
|
||
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
</ul>
|
||
|
</nav>
|
||
|
|
||
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--nested">
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4" checked>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4" id="__nav_4_label" tabindex="0">
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
How-to
|
||
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
|
</label>
|
||
|
|
||
|
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_label" aria-expanded="true">
|
||
|
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4">
|
||
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
|
How-to
|
||
|
</label>
|
||
|
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active">
|
||
|
|
||
|
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" type="checkbox" id="__toc">
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<label class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active" for="__toc">
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
L'ORM de Django
|
||
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
|
</label>
|
||
|
|
||
|
<a href="./" class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active">
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
L'ORM de Django
|
||
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table des matières">
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
|
||
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
|
Table des matières
|
||
|
</label>
|
||
|
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
|
||
|
|
||
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
<a href="#les-n1-queries" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
Les N+1 queries
|
||
|
</span>
|
||
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
||
|
<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Les N+1 queries">
|
||
|
<ul class="md-nav__list">
|
||
|
|
||
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
<a href="#le-probleme" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
Le problème
|
||
|
</span>
|
||
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
||
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
||
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
<a href="#select_related" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
select_related
|
||
|
</span>
|
||
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
||
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
||
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
<a href="#prefetch_related" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
prefetch_related
|
||
|
</span>
|
||
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
||
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
||
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
<a href="#recuperer-ce-dont-vous-avez-besoin" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
Récupérer ce dont vous avez besoin
|
||
|
</span>
|
||
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
||
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
||
|
</ul>
|
||
|
</nav>
|
||
|
|
||
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
||
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
<a href="#les-aggregations-manquees" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
Les aggrégations manquées
|
||
|
</span>
|
||
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
||
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
||
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
<a href="#benchmark" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
Benchmark
|
||
|
</span>
|
||
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
||
|
<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Benchmark">
|
||
|
<ul class="md-nav__list">
|
||
|
|
||
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
<a href="#ce-quil-faut-mesurer" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
Ce qu'il faut mesurer
|
||
|
</span>
|
||
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
||
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
||
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
<a href="#django-debug-toolbar" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
django-debug-toolbar
|
||
|
</span>
|
||
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
||
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
||
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
<a href="#connectionqueries" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
connection.queries
|
||
|
</span>
|
||
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
||
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
||
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
<a href="#assertnumqueries" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
assertNumQueries
|
||
|
</span>
|
||
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
||
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
||
|
</ul>
|
||
|
</nav>
|
||
|
|
||
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
||
|
</ul>
|
||
|
|
||
|
</nav>
|
||
|
|
||
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
<a href="../migrations/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
Gérer les migrations
|
||
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
</a>
|
||
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
<a href="../translation/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
Gérer les traductions
|
||
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
</a>
|
||
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
<a href="../statics/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
Gérer les statics
|
||
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
</a>
|
||
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
<a href="../js-import-paths/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
Ajouter un chemin d'import javascript
|
||
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
</a>
|
||
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
<a href="../prod/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
Configurer pour la production
|
||
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
</a>
|
||
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
<a href="../logo/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
Ajouter un logo de promo
|
||
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
</a>
|
||
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
<a href="../subscriptions/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
Ajouter une cotisation
|
||
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
</a>
|
||
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
<a href="../weekmail/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
Modifier le weekmail
|
||
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
</a>
|
||
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
<a href="../terminal/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
Terminal
|
||
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
</a>
|
||
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
<a href="../direnv/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
Direnv
|
||
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
</a>
|
||
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
</ul>
|
||
|
</nav>
|
||
|
|
||
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_5" >
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_5" id="__nav_5_label" tabindex="0">
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
Reference
|
||
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
|
</label>
|
||
|
|
||
|
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_5_label" aria-expanded="false">
|
||
|
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_5">
|
||
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
|
Reference
|
||
|
</label>
|
||
|
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_5_1" >
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_5_1" id="__nav_5_1_label" tabindex="0">
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
accounting
|
||
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
|
</label>
|
||
|
|
||
|
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_5_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
|
||
|
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_5_1">
|
||
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
|
accounting
|
||
|
</label>
|
||
|
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
<a href="../../reference/accounting/models/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
Models
|
||
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
</a>
|
||
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
<a href="../../reference/accounting/views/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
Views
|
||
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
</a>
|
||
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
</ul>
|
||
|
</nav>
|
||
|
|
||
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_5_2" >
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_5_2" id="__nav_5_2_label" tabindex="0">
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
antispam
|
||
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
|
</label>
|
||
|
|
||
|
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_5_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
|
||
|
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_5_2">
|
||
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
|
antispam
|
||
|
</label>
|
||
|
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
<a href="../../reference/antispam/models/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
Models
|
||
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
</a>
|
||
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
<a href="../../reference/antispam/forms/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
Forms
|
||
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
</a>
|
||
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
</ul>
|
||
|
</nav>
|
||
|
|
||
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_5_3" >
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_5_3" id="__nav_5_3_label" tabindex="0">
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
club
|
||
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
|
</label>
|
||
|
|
||
|
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_5_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
|
||
|
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_5_3">
|
||
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
|
club
|
||
|
</label>
|
||
|
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
<a href="../../reference/club/models/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
Models
|
||
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
</a>
|
||
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
<a href="../../reference/club/views/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
Views
|
||
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
</a>
|
||
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
</ul>
|
||
|
</nav>
|
||
|
|
||
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_5_4" >
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_5_4" id="__nav_5_4_label" tabindex="0">
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
com
|
||
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
|
</label>
|
||
|
|
||
|
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_5_4_label" aria-expanded="false">
|
||
|
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_5_4">
|
||
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
|
com
|
||
|
</label>
|
||
|
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
<a href="../../reference/com/models/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
Models
|
||
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
</a>
|
||
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
<a href="../../reference/com/views/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
Views
|
||
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
</a>
|
||
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
</ul>
|
||
|
</nav>
|
||
|
|
||
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_5_5" >
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_5_5" id="__nav_5_5_label" tabindex="0">
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
core
|
||
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
|
</label>
|
||
|
|
||
|
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_5_5_label" aria-expanded="false">
|
||
|
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_5_5">
|
||
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
|
core
|
||
|
</label>
|
||
|
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
<a href="../../reference/core/models/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
Models
|
||
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
</a>
|
||
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
<a href="../../reference/core/model_fields/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
Champs de modèle
|
||
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
</a>
|
||
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
<a href="../../reference/core/views/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
Views
|
||
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
</a>
|
||
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
<a href="../../reference/core/schemas/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
Schemas
|
||
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
</a>
|
||
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
<a href="../../reference/core/api_permissions/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
Api permissions
|
||
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
</a>
|
||
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
</ul>
|
||
|
</nav>
|
||
|
|
||
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_5_6" >
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_5_6" id="__nav_5_6_label" tabindex="0">
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
counter
|
||
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
|
</label>
|
||
|
|
||
|
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_5_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
|
||
|
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_5_6">
|
||
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
|
counter
|
||
|
</label>
|
||
|
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../reference/galaxy/models/" class="md-nav__link">
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../reference/galaxy/views/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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</a>
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</li>
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_5_11" >
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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</span>
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</label>
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_5_11">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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</label>
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<a href="../../reference/launderette/views/" class="md-nav__link">
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</a>
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</li>
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matmat
|
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</span>
|
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</label>
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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Views
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pedagogy
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</span>
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
<a href="../../reference/pedagogy/models/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
Models
|
||
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
</a>
|
||
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
<a href="../../reference/pedagogy/views/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
Views
|
||
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
</a>
|
||
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
<a href="../../reference/pedagogy/schemas/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
Schemas
|
||
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
</a>
|
||
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
</ul>
|
||
|
</nav>
|
||
|
|
||
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
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|
||
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|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_5_14" >
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_5_14" id="__nav_5_14_label" tabindex="0">
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
rootplace
|
||
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
|
</label>
|
||
|
|
||
|
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_5_14_label" aria-expanded="false">
|
||
|
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_5_14">
|
||
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
|
rootplace
|
||
|
</label>
|
||
|
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
<a href="../../reference/rootplace/models/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
Models
|
||
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
</a>
|
||
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
<a href="../../reference/rootplace/views/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
Views
|
||
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
</a>
|
||
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
</ul>
|
||
|
</nav>
|
||
|
|
||
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_5_15" >
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_5_15" id="__nav_5_15_label" tabindex="0">
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
sas
|
||
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
|
</label>
|
||
|
|
||
|
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_5_15_label" aria-expanded="false">
|
||
|
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_5_15">
|
||
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
|
sas
|
||
|
</label>
|
||
|
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
<a href="../../reference/sas/models/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
Models
|
||
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
</a>
|
||
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
<a href="../../reference/sas/views/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
Views
|
||
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
</a>
|
||
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
<a href="../../reference/sas/schemas/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
Schemas
|
||
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
</a>
|
||
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
</ul>
|
||
|
</nav>
|
||
|
|
||
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_5_16" >
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_5_16" id="__nav_5_16_label" tabindex="0">
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
staticfiles
|
||
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
|
</label>
|
||
|
|
||
|
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_5_16_label" aria-expanded="false">
|
||
|
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_5_16">
|
||
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
|
staticfiles
|
||
|
</label>
|
||
|
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
<a href="../../reference/staticfiles/apps/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
Apps
|
||
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
</a>
|
||
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
<a href="../../reference/staticfiles/storage/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
Storage
|
||
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
</a>
|
||
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
<a href="../../reference/staticfiles/finders/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
Finders
|
||
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
</a>
|
||
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
<a href="../../reference/staticfiles/processors/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
Processors
|
||
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
</a>
|
||
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
</ul>
|
||
|
</nav>
|
||
|
|
||
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_5_17" >
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_5_17" id="__nav_5_17_label" tabindex="0">
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
subscription
|
||
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
|
</label>
|
||
|
|
||
|
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_5_17_label" aria-expanded="false">
|
||
|
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_5_17">
|
||
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
|
subscription
|
||
|
</label>
|
||
|
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
<a href="../../reference/subscription/models/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
Models
|
||
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
</a>
|
||
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
<a href="../../reference/subscription/views/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
Views
|
||
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
</a>
|
||
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
</ul>
|
||
|
</nav>
|
||
|
|
||
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_5_18" >
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_5_18" id="__nav_5_18_label" tabindex="0">
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
trombi
|
||
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
|
</label>
|
||
|
|
||
|
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_5_18_label" aria-expanded="false">
|
||
|
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_5_18">
|
||
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
|
trombi
|
||
|
</label>
|
||
|
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
<a href="../../reference/trombi/models/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
Models
|
||
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
</a>
|
||
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
<a href="../../reference/trombi/views/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
Views
|
||
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
</a>
|
||
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
</ul>
|
||
|
</nav>
|
||
|
|
||
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
</ul>
|
||
|
</nav>
|
||
|
|
||
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
</ul>
|
||
|
</nav>
|
||
|
</div>
|
||
|
</div>
|
||
|
</div>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--secondary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="toc" >
|
||
|
<div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
|
||
|
<div class="md-sidebar__inner">
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table des matières">
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
|
||
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
|
Table des matières
|
||
|
</label>
|
||
|
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
|
||
|
|
||
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
<a href="#les-n1-queries" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
Les N+1 queries
|
||
|
</span>
|
||
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
||
|
<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Les N+1 queries">
|
||
|
<ul class="md-nav__list">
|
||
|
|
||
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
<a href="#le-probleme" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
Le problème
|
||
|
</span>
|
||
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
||
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
||
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
<a href="#select_related" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
select_related
|
||
|
</span>
|
||
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
||
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
||
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
<a href="#prefetch_related" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
prefetch_related
|
||
|
</span>
|
||
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
||
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
||
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
<a href="#recuperer-ce-dont-vous-avez-besoin" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
Récupérer ce dont vous avez besoin
|
||
|
</span>
|
||
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
||
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
||
|
</ul>
|
||
|
</nav>
|
||
|
|
||
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
||
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
<a href="#les-aggregations-manquees" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
Les aggrégations manquées
|
||
|
</span>
|
||
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
||
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
||
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
<a href="#benchmark" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
Benchmark
|
||
|
</span>
|
||
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
||
|
<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Benchmark">
|
||
|
<ul class="md-nav__list">
|
||
|
|
||
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
<a href="#ce-quil-faut-mesurer" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
Ce qu'il faut mesurer
|
||
|
</span>
|
||
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
||
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
||
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
<a href="#django-debug-toolbar" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
django-debug-toolbar
|
||
|
</span>
|
||
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
||
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
||
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
<a href="#connectionqueries" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
connection.queries
|
||
|
</span>
|
||
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
||
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
||
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
<a href="#assertnumqueries" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
assertNumQueries
|
||
|
</span>
|
||
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
||
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
||
|
</ul>
|
||
|
</nav>
|
||
|
|
||
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
||
|
</ul>
|
||
|
|
||
|
</nav>
|
||
|
</div>
|
||
|
</div>
|
||
|
</div>
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<div class="md-content" data-md-component="content">
|
||
|
<article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
<h1>L'ORM de Django</h1>
|
||
|
|
||
|
<p>L'ORM de Django est puissant, très puissant, non par parce qu'il
|
||
|
est performant (après tout, ce n'est qu'une interface, le gros du boulot,
|
||
|
c'est la db qui le fait), mais parce qu'il permet d'écrire
|
||
|
de manière relativement simple un grand panel de requêtes.</p>
|
||
|
<p>De manière générale, puisqu'un ORM est un système
|
||
|
consistant à manipuler avec un code orienté-objet
|
||
|
une db relationnelle (c'est-à-dire deux paradigmes
|
||
|
qui ne fonctionnent absolument pas pareil),
|
||
|
on rencontre un des deux problèmes suivants :</p>
|
||
|
<ul>
|
||
|
<li>soit l'ORM n'offre pas assez d'abstraction,
|
||
|
auquel cas, quand on veut faire des requêtes
|
||
|
plus complexes qu'un <code>select</code> avec un <code>where</code>,
|
||
|
on s'emmêle les pinceaux et on se dit que
|
||
|
ça aurait été plus simple de le faire directement
|
||
|
en SQL.</li>
|
||
|
<li>soit l'ORM offre trop d'abstraction,
|
||
|
auquel cas, on a tendance à ne pas prêter
|
||
|
assez attention aux requêtes envoyées en base
|
||
|
de données et on finit par se rendre compte
|
||
|
que les temps d'attente explosent
|
||
|
parce qu'on envoie trop de requêtes.</li>
|
||
|
</ul>
|
||
|
<p>Django est dans ce deuxième cas.</p>
|
||
|
<p>C'est pourquoi nous ne parlerons pas ici
|
||
|
de son fonctionnement exact ni de toutes les fonctions
|
||
|
que l'on peut utiliser
|
||
|
(la <a href="https://docs.djangoproject.com/fr/stable/topics/db/queries/">doc officielle</a> fait déjà ça mieux que nous),
|
||
|
mais plutôt des pièges courants
|
||
|
et des astuces pour les éviter.</p>
|
||
|
<h2 id="les-n1-queries">Les <code>N+1 queries</code><a class="headerlink" href="#les-n1-queries" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h2>
|
||
|
<h3 id="le-probleme">Le problème<a class="headerlink" href="#le-probleme" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3>
|
||
|
<p>Normalement, quand on veut récupérer une liste,
|
||
|
on fait une requête et c'est fini.
|
||
|
Mais des fois, ça n'est pas si simple.
|
||
|
Par exemple, supposons que nous voulons
|
||
|
récupérer les 100 utilisateurs les plus riches,
|
||
|
avec leurs informations client :</p>
|
||
|
<div class="language-python highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-0-1"><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1" href="#__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">core.models</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">User</span>
|
||
|
</span><span id="__span-0-2"><a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2" href="#__codelineno-0-2"></a>
|
||
|
</span><span id="__span-0-3"><a id="__codelineno-0-3" name="__codelineno-0-3" href="#__codelineno-0-3"></a><span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">user</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">User</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">objects</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">order_by</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"-customer__amount"</span><span class="p">)[:</span><span class="mi">100</span><span class="p">]:</span>
|
||
|
</span><span id="__span-0-4"><a id="__codelineno-0-4" name="__codelineno-0-4" href="#__codelineno-0-4"></a> <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">user</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">customer</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">amount</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
|
</span></code></pre></div>
|
||
|
<p>Combien de requêtes le bout de code suivant effectue-t-il ?
|
||
|
101.
|
||
|
En deux pauvres lignes de code, nous avons demandé
|
||
|
à la base de données d'effectuer 101 requêtes.
|
||
|
Une requête toute seule n'est déjà une opération anodine,
|
||
|
alors je vous laisse imaginer ce que ça donne pour 101.</p>
|
||
|
<p>Si vous ne comprenez pourquoi ce nombre, c'est très simple :</p>
|
||
|
<ul>
|
||
|
<li>Une requête pour sélectionner nos 100 utilisateurs</li>
|
||
|
<li>Une requête supplémentaire pour récupérer les informations
|
||
|
client de chaque utilisateur, soit 100 requêtes.</li>
|
||
|
</ul>
|
||
|
<p>En effet, les informations client sont stockées dans une
|
||
|
autre table, mais le fait d'établir un lien de clef
|
||
|
étrangère permet de manipuler <code>customer</code>
|
||
|
comme si c'était un membre à part entière de <code>User</code>.</p>
|
||
|
<p>Il est à noter cependant, que Django n'effectue une requête
|
||
|
que pour le premier accès à un membre d'une relation
|
||
|
de clef étrangère.
|
||
|
Toutes les fois suivantes, l'objet est déjà là,
|
||
|
et django le récupère :</p>
|
||
|
<div class="language-python highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-1-1"><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1" href="#__codelineno-1-1"></a><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">core.models</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">User</span>
|
||
|
</span><span id="__span-1-2"><a id="__codelineno-1-2" name="__codelineno-1-2" href="#__codelineno-1-2"></a>
|
||
|
</span><span id="__span-1-3"><a id="__codelineno-1-3" name="__codelineno-1-3" href="#__codelineno-1-3"></a><span class="c1"># l'utilisateur le plus riche</span>
|
||
|
</span><span id="__span-1-4"><a id="__codelineno-1-4" name="__codelineno-1-4" href="#__codelineno-1-4"></a><span class="n">user</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">User</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">objects</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">order_by</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"-customer__amount"</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">first</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="c1"># <-- requête db</span>
|
||
|
</span><span id="__span-1-5"><a id="__codelineno-1-5" name="__codelineno-1-5" href="#__codelineno-1-5"></a><span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">user</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">customer</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">amount</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># <-- requête db</span>
|
||
|
</span><span id="__span-1-6"><a id="__codelineno-1-6" name="__codelineno-1-6" href="#__codelineno-1-6"></a><span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">user</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">customer</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">account_id</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># on a déjà récupéré `customer`, donc pas de requête</span>
|
||
|
</span></code></pre></div>
|
||
|
<p>Ce n'est donc pas gravissime si vous faites cette
|
||
|
erreur quand vous manipulez un seul objet.
|
||
|
En revanche, quand vous en manipulez plusieurs,
|
||
|
il faut régler le problème.
|
||
|
Pour ça, il y a plusieurs méthodes, en fonction de votre cas.</p>
|
||
|
<h3 id="select_related"><code>select_related</code><a class="headerlink" href="#select_related" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3>
|
||
|
<p>La méthode la plus basique consiste à annoter le queryset,
|
||
|
avec la méthode <code>select_related()</code>.
|
||
|
En faisant ça, Django fera une jointure sur l'autre table
|
||
|
et demandera des informations en plus
|
||
|
à la db lors de la requête.</p>
|
||
|
<p>De la sorte, lorsque vous appellerez le membre relié,
|
||
|
les informations seront déjà là.</p>
|
||
|
<div class="language-python highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-2-1"><a id="__codelineno-2-1" name="__codelineno-2-1" href="#__codelineno-2-1"></a><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">core.models</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">User</span>
|
||
|
</span><span id="__span-2-2"><a id="__codelineno-2-2" name="__codelineno-2-2" href="#__codelineno-2-2"></a>
|
||
|
</span><span id="__span-2-3"><a id="__codelineno-2-3" name="__codelineno-2-3" href="#__codelineno-2-3"></a><span class="n">richest</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">User</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">objects</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">order_by</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"-customer__amount"</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
|
</span><span id="__span-2-4"><a id="__codelineno-2-4" name="__codelineno-2-4" href="#__codelineno-2-4"></a><span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">user</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">richest</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">select_related</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"customer"</span><span class="p">)[:</span><span class="mi">100</span><span class="p">]:</span>
|
||
|
</span><span id="__span-2-5"><a id="__codelineno-2-5" name="__codelineno-2-5" href="#__codelineno-2-5"></a> <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">user</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">customer</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
|
</span></code></pre></div>
|
||
|
<p>Le code ci-dessus effectue une seule requête.
|
||
|
Chaque fois qu'on veut accéder à <code>customer</code>, c'est bon,
|
||
|
ça a déjà été récupéré à travers le <code>select_related</code>.</p>
|
||
|
<h3 id="prefetch_related"><code>prefetch_related</code><a class="headerlink" href="#prefetch_related" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3>
|
||
|
<p>Maintenant, un cas plus compliqué.
|
||
|
Supposons que vous ne vouliez pas récupérer des informations
|
||
|
reliées par une relation One-to-One,
|
||
|
mais par une relation One-to-Many.</p>
|
||
|
<p>Par exemple, un utilisateur a un seul compte client,
|
||
|
mais il peut avoir plusieurs cotisations à son actif.
|
||
|
Et dans ces cas-là, <code>annotate</code> ne marche plus.
|
||
|
En effet, s'il peut exister plusieurs cotisations,
|
||
|
comment savoir laquelle on veut ?</p>
|
||
|
<p>Il faut alors utiliser un <code>prefetch_related</code>.
|
||
|
C'est un mécanisme un peu différent :
|
||
|
au lieu de faire une jointure et d'ajouter les informations
|
||
|
voulues dans la même requête, Django va effectuer
|
||
|
une deuxième requête pour récupérer les éléments de l'autre table,
|
||
|
puis, à partir de ces éléments, peupler la relation
|
||
|
de son côté.</p>
|
||
|
<p>C'est un mécanisme qui peut être un peu coûteux en mémoire
|
||
|
et qui demande une deuxième requête,
|
||
|
mais qui reste quand même largement préférable
|
||
|
à faire N requêtes en plus.</p>
|
||
|
<div class="language-python highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-3-1"><a id="__codelineno-3-1" name="__codelineno-3-1" href="#__codelineno-3-1"></a><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">core.models</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">User</span>
|
||
|
</span><span id="__span-3-2"><a id="__codelineno-3-2" name="__codelineno-3-2" href="#__codelineno-3-2"></a>
|
||
|
</span><span id="__span-3-3"><a id="__codelineno-3-3" name="__codelineno-3-3" href="#__codelineno-3-3"></a><span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">user</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">User</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">objects</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">prefetch_related</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"subscriptions"</span><span class="p">)[:</span><span class="mi">100</span><span class="p">]:</span>
|
||
|
</span><span id="__span-3-4"><a id="__codelineno-3-4" name="__codelineno-3-4" href="#__codelineno-3-4"></a> <span class="c1"># c'est bon, la méthode prefetch a récupéré en avance les `subscriptions`</span>
|
||
|
</span><span id="__span-3-5"><a id="__codelineno-3-5" name="__codelineno-3-5" href="#__codelineno-3-5"></a> <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">user</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">subscriptions</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">all</span><span class="p">())</span>
|
||
|
</span></code></pre></div>
|
||
|
<div class="admonition danger">
|
||
|
<p class="admonition-title">Danger</p>
|
||
|
<p>La méthode <code>prefetch_related</code> ne marche que si vous
|
||
|
utilisez la méthode <code>all()</code> pour accéder au membre.
|
||
|
Si vous utilisez une autre méthode (comme <code>filter</code> ou <code>annotate</code>),
|
||
|
alors Django effectuera une nouvelle requête,
|
||
|
et vous retomberez dans le problème initial.</p>
|
||
|
<div class="language-python highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-4-1"><a id="__codelineno-4-1" name="__codelineno-4-1" href="#__codelineno-4-1"></a><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">core.models</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">User</span>
|
||
|
</span><span id="__span-4-2"><a id="__codelineno-4-2" name="__codelineno-4-2" href="#__codelineno-4-2"></a><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">django.db.models</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Count</span>
|
||
|
</span><span id="__span-4-3"><a id="__codelineno-4-3" name="__codelineno-4-3" href="#__codelineno-4-3"></a>
|
||
|
</span><span id="__span-4-4"><a id="__codelineno-4-4" name="__codelineno-4-4" href="#__codelineno-4-4"></a><span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">user</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">User</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">objects</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">prefetch_related</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"subscriptions"</span><span class="p">)[:</span><span class="mi">100</span><span class="p">]:</span>
|
||
|
</span><span id="__span-4-5"><a id="__codelineno-4-5" name="__codelineno-4-5" href="#__codelineno-4-5"></a> <span class="c1"># Le prefetch_related ne marche plus !</span>
|
||
|
</span><span id="__span-4-6"><a id="__codelineno-4-6" name="__codelineno-4-6" href="#__codelineno-4-6"></a> <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">user</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">subscriptions</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">annotate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">count</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">Count</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"*"</span><span class="p">)))</span>
|
||
|
</span></code></pre></div>
|
||
|
</div>
|
||
|
<h3 id="recuperer-ce-dont-vous-avez-besoin">Récupérer ce dont vous avez besoin<a class="headerlink" href="#recuperer-ce-dont-vous-avez-besoin" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3>
|
||
|
<p>Des fois (souvent, même), penser explicitement
|
||
|
à la jointure est le meilleur choix.</p>
|
||
|
<p>En effet, vous remarquerez que dans tous
|
||
|
les exemples précédents, nous n'utilisions
|
||
|
qu'une partie des informations
|
||
|
(par exemple, nous ne récupérions que la somme
|
||
|
d'argent sur les comptes, et éventuellement le numéro de compte).</p>
|
||
|
<p>Nous pouvons utiliser la méthode <code>annotate</code>
|
||
|
pour spécifier explicitement les données que l'on veut
|
||
|
joindre à notre requête.</p>
|
||
|
<p>Quand nous voulions récupérer les informations utilisateur,
|
||
|
nous aurions tout aussi bien pu écrire :</p>
|
||
|
<div class="language-python highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-5-1"><a id="__codelineno-5-1" name="__codelineno-5-1" href="#__codelineno-5-1"></a><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">core.models</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">User</span>
|
||
|
</span><span id="__span-5-2"><a id="__codelineno-5-2" name="__codelineno-5-2" href="#__codelineno-5-2"></a><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">django.db.models</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">F</span>
|
||
|
</span><span id="__span-5-3"><a id="__codelineno-5-3" name="__codelineno-5-3" href="#__codelineno-5-3"></a>
|
||
|
</span><span id="__span-5-4"><a id="__codelineno-5-4" name="__codelineno-5-4" href="#__codelineno-5-4"></a><span class="n">richest</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">User</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">objects</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">order_by</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"-customer__amount"</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
|
</span><span id="__span-5-5"><a id="__codelineno-5-5" name="__codelineno-5-5" href="#__codelineno-5-5"></a><span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">user</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">richest</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">annotate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">amount</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">F</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"customer__amount"</span><span class="p">))[:</span><span class="mi">100</span><span class="p">]:</span>
|
||
|
</span><span id="__span-5-6"><a id="__codelineno-5-6" name="__codelineno-5-6" href="#__codelineno-5-6"></a> <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">user</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">amount</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
|
</span></code></pre></div>
|
||
|
<p>On aurait même pu réorganiser ça :
|
||
|
<div class="language-python highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-6-1"><a id="__codelineno-6-1" name="__codelineno-6-1" href="#__codelineno-6-1"></a><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">core.models</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">User</span>
|
||
|
</span><span id="__span-6-2"><a id="__codelineno-6-2" name="__codelineno-6-2" href="#__codelineno-6-2"></a><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">django.db.models</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">F</span>
|
||
|
</span><span id="__span-6-3"><a id="__codelineno-6-3" name="__codelineno-6-3" href="#__codelineno-6-3"></a>
|
||
|
</span><span id="__span-6-4"><a id="__codelineno-6-4" name="__codelineno-6-4" href="#__codelineno-6-4"></a><span class="n">richest</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">User</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">objects</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">annotate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">amount</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">F</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"customer__amount"</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">order_by</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"-amount"</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
|
</span><span id="__span-6-5"><a id="__codelineno-6-5" name="__codelineno-6-5" href="#__codelineno-6-5"></a><span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">user</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">richest</span><span class="p">[:</span><span class="mi">100</span><span class="p">]:</span>
|
||
|
</span><span id="__span-6-6"><a id="__codelineno-6-6" name="__codelineno-6-6" href="#__codelineno-6-6"></a> <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">user</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">amount</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
|
</span></code></pre></div></p>
|
||
|
<p>Ça peut sembler moins bien qu'un <code>select_related</code>, comme ça.
|
||
|
Des fois, c'est en effet moins bien, et des fois c'est mieux.
|
||
|
La comparaison est plus évidente avec le <code>prefetch_related</code>.</p>
|
||
|
<p>En effet, quand nous voulions récupérer
|
||
|
le nombre de cotisations des utilisateurs,
|
||
|
le <code>prefetch_related</code> ne marchait plus.
|
||
|
Pourtant, nous voulions récupérer une seule information.</p>
|
||
|
<p>Il aurait donc été suffisant d'écrire :
|
||
|
<div class="language-python highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-7-1"><a id="__codelineno-7-1" name="__codelineno-7-1" href="#__codelineno-7-1"></a><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">core.models</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">User</span>
|
||
|
</span><span id="__span-7-2"><a id="__codelineno-7-2" name="__codelineno-7-2" href="#__codelineno-7-2"></a><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">django.db.models</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Count</span>
|
||
|
</span><span id="__span-7-3"><a id="__codelineno-7-3" name="__codelineno-7-3" href="#__codelineno-7-3"></a>
|
||
|
</span><span id="__span-7-4"><a id="__codelineno-7-4" name="__codelineno-7-4" href="#__codelineno-7-4"></a><span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">user</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">User</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">objects</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">annotate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">nb_subscriptions</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">Count</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"subscriptions"</span><span class="p">))[:</span><span class="mi">100</span><span class="p">]:</span>
|
||
|
</span><span id="__span-7-5"><a id="__codelineno-7-5" name="__codelineno-7-5" href="#__codelineno-7-5"></a> <span class="c1"># Et là ça marche, en une seule requête.</span>
|
||
|
</span><span id="__span-7-6"><a id="__codelineno-7-6" name="__codelineno-7-6" href="#__codelineno-7-6"></a> <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">user</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">nb_subscriptions</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
|
</span></code></pre></div></p>
|
||
|
<p>Faire une jointure, c'est normal en SQL.
|
||
|
Et pourtant avec Django on les oublie trop facilement.
|
||
|
Posez-vous toujours la question des données que vous pourriez
|
||
|
avoir besoin d'annoter, et vous éviterez beaucoup d'ennuis.</p>
|
||
|
<h2 id="les-aggregations-manquees">Les aggrégations manquées<a class="headerlink" href="#les-aggregations-manquees" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h2>
|
||
|
<p>Il arrive souvent que l'on veuille une information qui
|
||
|
porte sur un ensemble d'objets de notre db.</p>
|
||
|
<p>Imaginons par exemple que nous voulons connaitre
|
||
|
la somme totale des ventes faites à un comptoir.</p>
|
||
|
<p>Nous avons tous suivi nos cours de programmation,
|
||
|
nous écrivons donc instinctivement :</p>
|
||
|
<div class="language-python highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-8-1"><a id="__codelineno-8-1" name="__codelineno-8-1" href="#__codelineno-8-1"></a><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">counter.models</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Counter</span>
|
||
|
</span><span id="__span-8-2"><a id="__codelineno-8-2" name="__codelineno-8-2" href="#__codelineno-8-2"></a>
|
||
|
</span><span id="__span-8-3"><a id="__codelineno-8-3" name="__codelineno-8-3" href="#__codelineno-8-3"></a><span class="n">foyer</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Counter</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">objects</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"Foyer"</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
|
</span><span id="__span-8-4"><a id="__codelineno-8-4" name="__codelineno-8-4" href="#__codelineno-8-4"></a><span class="n">total_amount</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">sum</span><span class="p">(</span>
|
||
|
</span><span id="__span-8-5"><a id="__codelineno-8-5" name="__codelineno-8-5" href="#__codelineno-8-5"></a> <span class="n">sale</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">amount</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="n">sale</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">unit_price</span>
|
||
|
</span><span id="__span-8-6"><a id="__codelineno-8-6" name="__codelineno-8-6" href="#__codelineno-8-6"></a> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">sale</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">foyer</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sellings</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">all</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
|
</span><span id="__span-8-7"><a id="__codelineno-8-7" name="__codelineno-8-7" href="#__codelineno-8-7"></a><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
|
</span></code></pre></div>
|
||
|
<p>On pourrait penser qu'il n'y a pas de problème.
|
||
|
Après tout, on ne fait qu'une seule requête.
|
||
|
Eh bien si, il y a un problème :
|
||
|
on fait beaucoup de choses en trop.</p>
|
||
|
<p>Concrètement, on demande à la base de données
|
||
|
de renvoyer toutes les informations,
|
||
|
ce qui rallonge inutilement la durée
|
||
|
de l'échange entre le serveur et la db,
|
||
|
puis on perd du temps à convertir ces informations
|
||
|
en objets Python (opération qui a un coût également),
|
||
|
et enfin on reperd du temps à calculer en Python
|
||
|
quelque chose que la db aurait pu calculer
|
||
|
à notre plus bien plus vite.</p>
|
||
|
<p>Nous aurions dû aggréger la requête,
|
||
|
avec la méthode <code>aggregate</code> :</p>
|
||
|
<div class="language-python highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-9-1"><a id="__codelineno-9-1" name="__codelineno-9-1" href="#__codelineno-9-1"></a><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">counter.models</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Counter</span>
|
||
|
</span><span id="__span-9-2"><a id="__codelineno-9-2" name="__codelineno-9-2" href="#__codelineno-9-2"></a><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">django.db.models</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Sum</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">F</span>
|
||
|
</span><span id="__span-9-3"><a id="__codelineno-9-3" name="__codelineno-9-3" href="#__codelineno-9-3"></a>
|
||
|
</span><span id="__span-9-4"><a id="__codelineno-9-4" name="__codelineno-9-4" href="#__codelineno-9-4"></a><span class="n">foyer</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Counter</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">objects</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"Foyer"</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
|
</span><span id="__span-9-5"><a id="__codelineno-9-5" name="__codelineno-9-5" href="#__codelineno-9-5"></a><span class="n">total_amount</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span>
|
||
|
</span><span id="__span-9-6"><a id="__codelineno-9-6" name="__codelineno-9-6" href="#__codelineno-9-6"></a> <span class="n">foyer</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sellings</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">aggregate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">amount</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">Sum</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">F</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"amount"</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="n">F</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"unit_price"</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">default</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">))</span>
|
||
|
</span><span id="__span-9-7"><a id="__codelineno-9-7" name="__codelineno-9-7" href="#__codelineno-9-7"></a><span class="p">)[</span><span class="s2">"amount__sum"</span><span class="p">]</span>
|
||
|
</span></code></pre></div>
|
||
|
<p>En effectuant cette requête, la base de données nous renverra exactement
|
||
|
l'information dont nous avons besoin.
|
||
|
Et de notre côté, nous n'aurons pas à faire de traitement en plus.</p>
|
||
|
<h2 id="benchmark">Benchmark<a class="headerlink" href="#benchmark" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h2>
|
||
|
<h3 id="ce-quil-faut-mesurer">Ce qu'il faut mesurer<a class="headerlink" href="#ce-quil-faut-mesurer" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3>
|
||
|
<p>Quand on parle d'interaction avec une base de données,
|
||
|
la question de la performance est cruciale.
|
||
|
Et quand on parle de performance, on en vient
|
||
|
forcément à parler d'optimisation.</p>
|
||
|
<p>Or, pour optimiser, il faut savoir quoi optimiser.
|
||
|
C'est-à-dire qu'il nous faut un benchmark pour
|
||
|
étudier les performances réelles de notre code.
|
||
|
En ce qui concerne des requêtes à une base de données,
|
||
|
deux aspects sont étudiables :</p>
|
||
|
<ul>
|
||
|
<li>le nombre de requêtes qu'une vue ou une fonction
|
||
|
effectue pour son fonctionnement.</li>
|
||
|
<li>le temps d'exécution individuel des requêtes les plus longues.</li>
|
||
|
</ul>
|
||
|
<p>Le premier aspect est celui qui nous intéresse le plus,
|
||
|
puisqu'il est relié au problème le plus fréquent
|
||
|
et le plus facile à mesurer.
|
||
|
Le second aspect, au contraire, est bien moins fréquent
|
||
|
(dans 99% des cas, une requête complexe prendra
|
||
|
moins de temps que deux requêtes, même simples)
|
||
|
et bien plus dur à mesurer (il faut réussir à faire des mesures fiables,
|
||
|
dans un environnement proche de celui de la prod, avec les données de la prod).</p>
|
||
|
<p>Nous considérerons donc que dans la quasi-totalité des cas,
|
||
|
le problème vient du nombre de requêtes, pas du temps d'exécution
|
||
|
d'une requête en particulier.
|
||
|
Partez du principe que moins vous faites de requêtes, mieux c'est,
|
||
|
sans prêter attention au temps d'exécution des requêtes.</p>
|
||
|
<p>Pour quantifier de manière fiables les requêtes effectuées,
|
||
|
il y a quelques outils.</p>
|
||
|
<h3 id="django-debug-toolbar"><code>django-debug-toolbar</code><a class="headerlink" href="#django-debug-toolbar" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3>
|
||
|
<p>La <code>django-debug-toolbar</code> est une interface disponible
|
||
|
sur toutes les pages quand vous êtes en mode debug.
|
||
|
Elle s'affiche à droite et vous permet de voir toutes sortes
|
||
|
d'informations, parmi lesquelles le nombre de requêtes effectuées.</p>
|
||
|
<p>Cette interface est très pratique, puisqu'elle va plus loin
|
||
|
que simplement compter les requêtes,
|
||
|
elle vous donne également le SQL qui a été utilisé,
|
||
|
l'endroit du code, avec fichier et numéro de ligne,
|
||
|
où cette requête a été faite et, encore mieux,
|
||
|
elle vous indique quelles requêtes semblent dupliquées.</p>
|
||
|
<p>Quand <code>django-debug-toolbar</code> vous indique qu'une requête
|
||
|
a été dupliquée quatre fois, cinq fois, ou même deux cent fois
|
||
|
(le chiffre peut sembler énorme, mais c'est déjà arrivé),
|
||
|
vous pouvez être sûr qu'il y a là quelque chose à optimiser.</p>
|
||
|
<div class="admonition warning">
|
||
|
<p class="admonition-title">Warning</p>
|
||
|
<p>Le widget de <code>django-debug-toolbar</code> ne s'affiche
|
||
|
que sur les pages html.
|
||
|
Si vous voulez étudier autre chose,
|
||
|
comme une simple fonction,
|
||
|
ou bien comme une vue retournant du JSON,
|
||
|
vous n'aurez donc pas <code>django-debug-toolbar</code>.</p>
|
||
|
</div>
|
||
|
<h3 id="connectionqueries"><code>connection.queries</code><a class="headerlink" href="#connectionqueries" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3>
|
||
|
<p>Quand vous voulez examiner les requêtes d'un bout de code
|
||
|
en particulier, Django met à disposition un mécanisme
|
||
|
permettant d'examiner toutes les requêtes qui sont faites :
|
||
|
<code>connection.queries</code></p>
|
||
|
<p>C'est un historique de toutes les requêtes effectuées,
|
||
|
qui est assez simple à utiliser :</p>
|
||
|
<div class="language-python highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-10-1"><a id="__codelineno-10-1" name="__codelineno-10-1" href="#__codelineno-10-1"></a><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">django.db</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">connection</span>
|
||
|
</span><span id="__span-10-2"><a id="__codelineno-10-2" name="__codelineno-10-2" href="#__codelineno-10-2"></a><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">core.models</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">User</span>
|
||
|
</span><span id="__span-10-3"><a id="__codelineno-10-3" name="__codelineno-10-3" href="#__codelineno-10-3"></a>
|
||
|
</span><span id="__span-10-4"><a id="__codelineno-10-4" name="__codelineno-10-4" href="#__codelineno-10-4"></a><span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">connection</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">queries</span><span class="p">))</span> <span class="c1"># 0</span>
|
||
|
</span><span id="__span-10-5"><a id="__codelineno-10-5" name="__codelineno-10-5" href="#__codelineno-10-5"></a>
|
||
|
</span><span id="__span-10-6"><a id="__codelineno-10-6" name="__codelineno-10-6" href="#__codelineno-10-6"></a><span class="n">nb_users</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">User</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">objects</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">count</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
|
</span><span id="__span-10-7"><a id="__codelineno-10-7" name="__codelineno-10-7" href="#__codelineno-10-7"></a>
|
||
|
</span><span id="__span-10-8"><a id="__codelineno-10-8" name="__codelineno-10-8" href="#__codelineno-10-8"></a><span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">connection</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">queries</span><span class="p">))</span> <span class="c1"># 1</span>
|
||
|
</span><span id="__span-10-9"><a id="__codelineno-10-9" name="__codelineno-10-9" href="#__codelineno-10-9"></a><span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">connection</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">queries</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># affiche toutes les requêtes effectuées</span>
|
||
|
</span></code></pre></div>
|
||
|
<h3 id="assertnumqueries"><code>assertNumQueries</code><a class="headerlink" href="#assertnumqueries" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3>
|
||
|
<p>Quand on a mis en place une fonctionnalité,
|
||
|
ou qu'on en a amélioré les performances,
|
||
|
on veut absolument éviter la régression.</p>
|
||
|
<p>Or, une régression ne se manifeste pas forcément
|
||
|
dans l'apparition d'un bug : ça peut aussi
|
||
|
être une augmentation du temps d'exécution, possiblement
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causé par une augmentation du nombre de requêtes.</p>
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<p>C'est pour ça que django met à disposition un moyen
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de tester automatiquement le nombre de requêtes :
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<code>assertNumQueries</code>.</p>
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<p>Il s'agit d'un gestionnaire de contexte accessible
|
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dans les tests, qui teste le nombre de requêtes
|
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effectuées en son sein.</p>
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<p>Par exemple :</p>
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<div class="language-python highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-11-1"><a id="__codelineno-11-1" name="__codelineno-11-1" href="#__codelineno-11-1"></a><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">django.test</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">TestCase</span>
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|
</span><span id="__span-11-2"><a id="__codelineno-11-2" name="__codelineno-11-2" href="#__codelineno-11-2"></a><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">django.shortcuts</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">reverse</span>
|
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</span><span id="__span-11-3"><a id="__codelineno-11-3" name="__codelineno-11-3" href="#__codelineno-11-3"></a>
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</span><span id="__span-11-4"><a id="__codelineno-11-4" name="__codelineno-11-4" href="#__codelineno-11-4"></a>
|
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|
</span><span id="__span-11-5"><a id="__codelineno-11-5" name="__codelineno-11-5" href="#__codelineno-11-5"></a><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">FooTest</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">TestCase</span><span class="p">):</span>
|
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|
</span><span id="__span-11-6"><a id="__codelineno-11-6" name="__codelineno-11-6" href="#__codelineno-11-6"></a> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test_nb_queries</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
|
||
|
</span><span id="__span-11-7"><a id="__codelineno-11-7" name="__codelineno-11-7" href="#__codelineno-11-7"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="sd">"""Test that the number of db queries is stable."""</span>
|
||
|
</span><span id="__span-11-8"><a id="__codelineno-11-8" name="__codelineno-11-8" href="#__codelineno-11-8"></a> <span class="k">with</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assertNumQueries</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">):</span>
|
||
|
</span><span id="__span-11-9"><a id="__codelineno-11-9" name="__codelineno-11-9" href="#__codelineno-11-9"></a> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">client</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">reverse</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"foo:bar"</span><span class="p">))</span>
|
||
|
</span></code></pre></div>
|
||
|
<p>Si l'exécution de la route nécessite plus ou moins de six requêtes,
|
||
|
alors le test échoue.
|
||
|
S'il y a eu moins que le nombre de requête attendu, alors tant
|
||
|
mieux, modifiez le test pour coller au nouveau nombre
|
||
|
(sous réserve que tous les autres tests passent, bien sûr).
|
||
|
Si par contre il y a eu plus, alors désolé, vous avez sans doute
|
||
|
introduit une régression.</p>
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